Case Detail
Case Title | ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER v. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
District | District of Columbia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
City | Washington, DC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Case Number | 1:2013cv01961 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date Filed | 2013-12-09 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date Closed | 2018-08-30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Judge | Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plaintiff | ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Case Description | EPIC requested from the Justice Department's National Security Division semi-annual reports submitted on the use of pen registers and trap and trace devices for national security purposes. Although the agency acknowledged EPIC's request and granted expedited processing and a fee waiver, no further action had been taken by the time EPIC filed suit. Complaint issues: expedited proceedings, disclosure of non-exempt records, attorney's fees | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Defendant | DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Documents | Docket Complaint Complaint attachment 1 Complaint attachment 2 Complaint attachment 3 Complaint attachment 4 Opinion/Order [15] FOIA Project Annotation: Relying primarily on the D.C. Circuit's decision last year in CREW v. FEC, 711 F.3d 180 (D.C. Cir. 2013), Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson has ruled that an agency's grant of expedited processing requires only that the agency move the expedited request to its expedited queue and to process it as soon as practicable. Jackson rejected EPIC's request for a preliminary injunction that would have required the Justice Department to process its request within 20 days of the court's order granting the preliminary injunction. In CREW v. FEC, the D.C. Circuit found that, absent unusual circumstances, an agency was required to determine how it would respond to a FOIA request within the 20-day statutory time limit. If the agency failed to do so, the requester had exhausted his or her administrative remedies and could immediately go to court if they so chose. While the EPIC case involved a different set of circumstances, Jackson indicated that the holding in CREW v. FEC shaped her decision. EPIC had filed a request with the National Security Division at the Justice Department for reports submitted to Congress pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act summarizing the use of pen registers or trap and trace devices. EPIC also requested expedited processing and a fee waiver. Two weeks after receipt of the request, NSD granted EPIC's requests for a fee waiver and expedited processing. After hearing nothing further, EPIC filed suit, contending DOJ had violated the time limits for responding to an expedited request and asking the court for a preliminary injunction requiring the agency to disclose the responsive records within 20 days of the court's order. In its memorandum supporting its request for a preliminary injunction, EPIC indicated that its request was prompted by articles in The Guardian describing the government's use of pen registers and trap and trace devices to collect bulk email and Internet metadata. EPIC said there was an urgent need for the records because of congressional debates over the limits of surveillance. Jackson first explained that to succeed in its request for injunctive relief, EPIC must show a likelihood of success on the merits and that it would be irreparably harmed if injunctive relief was not granted. She noted that "EPIC's argument regarding likelihood of success flows from its belief that DOJ's failure to respond to the FOIA Request within 20 days, as set forth in the FOIA statute, constitutes a per se violation of the law that entitles the requester to get the requested records immediately." However, she observed that "but nothing in the FOIA statute establishes that an agency's failure to comply with this 20-day deadline automatically results in the agency's having to produce the requested documents without continued processing, as EPIC suggests." She then turned to the CREW v. FEC holding, pointing out that "significantly for present purposes, CREW not only explains the timing and substance of the required FOIA response, it also unequivocally addressed the consequences that attach to an agency's failure to make the required 'determination' [as to how it will respond to the request] within the 20-day deadline." Indeed, "far from EPIC's reading of the FOIA to require an agency to immediately hand over all of the requested documents as a result of its failure to meet the deadline, CREW makes clear that the impact of blowing the 20-day deadline relates only to the requester's ability to get into court." She noted that "properly understood and applied, then, CREW substantially decreases the likelihood that EPIC will prevail on the merits of its argument that the NSD's failure to adhere to the 20-day deadline violates FOIA in a manner that entitles EPIC to a court order granting it immediate access to the requested records." Jackson explained that according to CREW, an agency's response to a FOIA request consisted of two steps, only one of which implicated the 20-day time limit. "First, an agency will gather and review documents and make a 'determination,' which is a decision regarding the scope of the documents the agency intends to produce and withhold, and the reasons for withholding any document. By statute, the agency is required to communicate this determination to the requester (and mention the right to appeal) within 20 days of receipt of the request. Then, after the determination has been made and communicated, the agency proceeds to the second step, which is to process the responsive documents and produce them to the requester 'promptly.' CREW also clearly recognizes that the 20-day determination deadline is not always practicable, and it explains what happens when that deadline is not met: in such a circumstance, the FOIA requester is deemed to have exhausted his administrative remedies and can proceed immediately to federal court, after which the agency 'may continue to process the request,' but will do so under the court's supervision." EPIC relied on EPIC v. Dept of Justice, 416 F. Supp. 2d 30 (D.D.C. 2006), in which a district court had granted EPIC the identical kind of relief after Justice failed to respond to its request within the statutory deadline. But Jackson distinguished the earlier ruling by noting that "the judge in [the first EPIC case] did not have the benefit of the D.C. Circuit's decision in CREW, and in particular, its holding regarding the specific consequences that attach to an agency's failure to meet the 20-day deadline." She pointed out that the judge in the first EPIC case had found a "presumption of agency delay" simply because DOJ had failed to respond to EPIC's request on time and had not presented any evidence to rebut the presumption. Here, Jackson indicated, DOJ had presented an affidavit from the NSD FOIA officer explaining that there were 13 other expedited requests in its queue before EPIC and that the volume of classified material made it impossible to respond in 20 days. Jackson observed that "even if a presumption of delay exists�"and in light of CREW this Court is doubtful that it does�"no such presumption even arguably arises on the facts of the instant case." Instead of being entitled to all responsive records for a violation of the time limits as EPIC claimed, Jackson pointed out that if an agency granted a request for expediting processing it was required to move the request "to the front of the agency's queue" and the agency must process it "as soon as practicable." She noted that "DOJ has represented that EPIC's FOIA Request was moved to the head of the line of regular FOIA requests that the NSD is handling, and that EPIC's FOIA request is now in a queue of 13 other 'expedited' document requests." Jackson questioned why EPIC believed it was more entitled than the other 13 expedited requesters and indicated that EPIC had failed to "cast doubt on DOJ's representations about the current status of EPIC's FOIA Request relative to all others" or to show that NSD was not working to respond "as soon as practicable." Jackson then found that EPIC could not show that it would be irreparably harmed if the records were not disclosed promptly. She observed that "while it is true that some courts have granted preliminary injunctions where 'time is of the essence,' EPIC's own subjective view of what qualifies as 'timely' processing is not, and cannot be, the standard that governs this Court's evaluation of irreparable harm, and EPIC offers nothing more than a bald assertion that DOJ is obviously not processing its FOIA Request in a timely fashion." She noted that EPIC had not shown that the records on the use of pen registers and trap and trace devices were vital to the current surveillance debate. Nor had EPIC shown that it was entitled to the documents under FOIA since many of them were classified. Weighing the interests between EPIC's demands for disclosure and the government's claims that it could not disclose the records that quickly regardless, Jackson concluded that "the bottom line is this: given the competing public interests at stake in this matter, and also EPIC's failure to provide any evidence that DOJ is intentionally dragging its feet until the surveillance storm blows over, this Court sees no need to short-circuit the NSD's ongoing document review process preliminarily and in the manner that EPIC's motion requests."
Opinion/Order [32]Issues: Expedited processing - Time limit FOIA Project Annotation: Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson has ruled that the issues remaining in litigation between EPIC and the Department of Justice over a now-expired national security program that involved the government's surreptitious use of certain devices to collect communications information have narrowed to such an extent that the government's affidavits do not adequately address the handful of documents still in dispute. As a result, Jackson ordered the government to provide a new Vaughn index addressing the remaining contested documents. Jackson indicated that the parties had done an admirable job in winnowing down the issues, but noted that it was not until she held a hearing that she was able to understand the scope of the remaining issues. What remained were Westlaw printouts that had been attached to a DOJ memo as well as redacted portions of 25 semiannual reports to Congress summarizing FISC legal opinions. Jackson ordered the agency to provide new Vaughn affidavits, one that "set forth the government's reasons for withholding the Westlaw printouts attached to [the memo] apart from the FISC brief." She noted that "because it is difficult to glean from the [current affidavits] precisely what information DOJ is actually withholding [in the other contested documents] much less ascertain the government's reasons for withholding summaries of legal opinions and statements related to the FISA court's jurisdiction and processes," she would require a new affidavit explaining and justifying these withholdings. She also told the agency to provide the contested documents for in camera review.
Opinion/Order [46]Issues: Litigation - Vaughn index, Litigation - In camera review FOIA Project Annotation: Judge Kejanti Brown Jackson has upheld the remaining claims made by the Justice Department that a handful of records pertaining to the use of pen register and trap-and-trace devices for surveillance â€" including materials from Westlaw â€" were properly withheld under Exemption 1 (national security) and Exemption 3 (other statutes). The case raises some interesting questions, not only about how a publicly-available non-government legal document could be classifiable, but also the extent to which agencies that receive FOIA requests are responsible for the referral decisions and claims made during the processing of a request. EPIC's original request was sent to the National Security Division at the Department of Justice for records concerning the government's prior surreptitious use of pen registers and trap and trace devices under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. After the agency failed to respond within the statutory deadline, EPIC filed suit. NSD referred some records to the FBI and the National Security Agency for review and withholding determinations. The agency submitted a Vaughn index with 92 entries that included affidavits from the NSD, the FBI, and the NSA, invoking Exemption 1, Exemption 3, Exemption 6 (invasion of privacy), Exemption 7(C) (invasion of privacy concerning law enforcement records), and Exemption 7(E) (investigative methods and techniques). By the time Jackson ruled, only two issues remained â€" (1)whether the government properly withheld Westlaw printouts that were part of a classified legal belief that had been submitted to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and (2) whether the government properly redacted from Semi-Annual Reports that DOJ made to Congress information regarding the use of pen registers and trap and trace devices, consisting of summaries of FISC legal opinions, descriptions of the scope of the FISC's jurisdiction, and discussions of FISA process improvements. EPIC challenged the agency's Exemption 1 and Exemption 3 claims. After reviewing the remaining records in camera, Jackson upheld the government's claims. She pointed out that the agencies had relied on three separate statutes â€" Section 102A(i)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947, Section 6 of the National Security Agency Act of 1959, and 18 U.S.C. § 798 â€" to justify its claims under Exemption 3. EPIC did not contest that the three statutory provisions qualified as Exemption 3 statutes, but instead "seeks to advance the novel contention that, even though DOJ's NSD referred certain documents to the FBI and the NSA for exemption determinations under governing FOIA regulations, the government cannot assert certain otherwise applicable FOIA exemptions in the instant context because the FOIA request was directed to NSD in the first instance." Jackson found the exemption claims appropriate, noting that "given the context in which the [Westlaw] printouts exist in this litigation â€" i.e., as part of a classified brief submitted to the FISC â€" the printouts also constitute intelligence sources and methods for purposes of Section 102A(i)(1), and therefore the FBI properly withheld those materials." Jackson pointed out that "EPIC vigorously maintains that DOJ has not followed the right procedure for establishing the applicability of Exemption 3 with respect to the withholdings at issue," because even though NSD created and controlled the records, it had provided no declaration to justify the withholding. Further, it was unclear whether a non-Intelligence Community agency had the legal authority to assert Section 102A(i)(1). EPIC also claimed the agency had acted in bad faith by not asserting Exemption 3 during the earlier rounds of summary judgment briefings in the case. Jackson addressed EPIC's bad faith argument first. Acknowledging that Maydak v. Dept of Justice, 218 F.3d 760 (D.C. Cir. 2000), and its progeny generally required agencies to make all their exemption claims at the beginning of litigation, Jackson explained that "the Court does not perceive the government as having acted in bad faith, nor does it view the government's filings as providing post-hoc rationalizations for the withholdings already made. Rather, the document-production process is a fluid one at the district-court level, and it often includes contemporaneous review and continuous production determinations made by agency-defendants. Thus, in this Court's view, the government is entitled to articulate fully all of the justifications for the withholdings that it makes prior to the Court's ruling on summary judgment." Generally speaking, an agency that receives a FOIA request is responsible for the processing of that FOIA request, including any decision to withhold information. Agencies can consult with other agencies who may have a greater interest in certain responsive documents, but EPIC here questioned the NSD's authority to delegate its FOIA responsibilities to the FBI and the NSA and allow those agencies to determine whether the records were exempt or not. Rejecting the challenge, Jackson noted that "the record clearly reveals that DOJ followed its referral process when it responded to EPIC's FOIA request, consistent with the agency's regulations." Those regulations instructed the agency to which the records were referred to take responsibility to respond directly to the requester. Jackson observed that "the undisputed evidence establishes that DOJ's NSD referred the SARs and Westlaw printouts to the FBI and the NSA pursuant to these regulations with the intent of having those other agencies determine whether any exemptions should be invoked. Courts in this district have long recognized the permissibility of such a referral and EPIC neither challenges the validity of DOJ's referral regulations nor cites any authority that limits the ability of an agency receiving the FOIA referral to invoke any otherwise-applicable FOIA exemption." Jackson found the records were properly classified as well. She pointed out that "mindful of the deference it must afford to the government in this context, this Court finds that the government's explanation of the harm that might result from release of the Westlaw printouts, and how such a disclosure could reveal national security information that is not evident from looking at the documents in isolation, is reasonable and sufficient to support its invocation of Exemption 1. In this regard, the Court accepts the government's assertion that the Westlaw printouts and the main brief to which they are attached are rightfully construed as a single document, and that disclosure of the attachments would elucidate the substance of the main (undeniably classified) document, such that the government is entitled to withhold the attachments themselves."
Issues: Exemption 1 - Harm to national security, Exemption 3 - Statutory prohibition of disclosure, Search - Referral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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